Top 10 Best Rechargeable Soil pH Pens for Hydroponic & Garden Use in 2026

The difference between a thriving hydroponic harvest and a disappointing yield often comes down to a single number: your pH level. As we move through 2026, the tools for measuring this critical metric have evolved dramatically, with rechargeable soil pH pens leading the charge in both precision and sustainability. Gone are the days of constantly replacing button cell batteries or guessing at color chart readings—these modern devices offer lab-grade accuracy in the palm of your hand, sync seamlessly with your smartphone, and survive the rigors of daily garden use.

But with so many options flooding the market, how do you separate genuine innovation from marketing hype? This comprehensive guide cuts through the noise, exploring the features, technologies, and performance standards that define the best rechargeable pH pens for hydroponic and garden applications. Whether you’re managing a commercial vertical farm or nurturing a backyard vegetable patch, understanding these key factors will empower you to make an informed decision that protects your investment and optimizes your growing success.

Top 10 Rechargeable Soil pH Pens for Hydroponic Use

CANNABMALL PH Meter, TDS PPM Meter and 3 in 1 Soil Moisture Meter Combo, High Accuracy Lab PH/EC Tester Digital Kit [Upgraded] for Home Water, Hydroponics, Plants Garden Soil and Aquarium PH PenCANNABMALL PH Meter, TDS PPM Meter and 3 in 1 Soil Moisture Meter Combo, High Accuracy Lab PH/EC Tester Digital Kit [Upgraded] for Home Water, Hydroponics, Plants Garden Soil and Aquarium PH PenCheck Price
Yewhick Hydroponics pH Up & Down Control Kit (8.45oz/250ml) Accurate pH Adjustment for Hydroponics, Soil, and Aquaponics SystemsYewhick Hydroponics pH Up & Down Control Kit (8.45oz/250ml) Accurate pH Adjustment for Hydroponics, Soil, and Aquaponics SystemsCheck Price
Soil pH Meter for Food, Bluetooth Water pH Tester for Soil & Hydroponic, Digital pH Temp Meter for Blueberry Jam with ATC for Canning, Dough, Garden Lawn, Indoor Outdoor Plants, Raised Garden BedsSoil pH Meter for Food, Bluetooth Water pH Tester for Soil & Hydroponic, Digital pH Temp Meter for Blueberry Jam with ATC for Canning, Dough, Garden Lawn, Indoor Outdoor Plants, Raised Garden BedsCheck Price
UIUZMAR Soil pH Meter Soil Moisture Meter 8 in 1 Fertility Salt Moisture pH EC Light Humidity Temp Accurate Soil pH Test Kit for Garden and HydroponicsUIUZMAR Soil pH Meter Soil Moisture Meter 8 in 1 Fertility Salt Moisture pH EC Light Humidity Temp Accurate Soil pH Test Kit for Garden and HydroponicsCheck Price

Detailed Product Reviews

1. CANNABMALL PH Meter, TDS PPM Meter and 3 in 1 Soil Moisture Meter Combo, High Accuracy Lab PH/EC Tester Digital Kit [Upgraded] for Home Water, Hydroponics, Plants Garden Soil and Aquarium PH Pen

CANNABMALL PH Meter, TDS PPM Meter and 3 in 1 Soil Moisture Meter Combo, High Accuracy Lab PH/EC Tester Digital Kit [Upgraded] for Home Water, Hydroponics, Plants Garden Soil and Aquarium PH Pen

Overview: This comprehensive testing kit from CANNABMALL bundles three essential measurement tools for hydroponic and soil cultivation enthusiasts. The package includes a digital pH meter, TDS/EC meter, and a 3-in-1 soil moisture meter, plus calibration buffer powder—everything needed to monitor water quality and soil conditions in one affordable set.

What Makes It Stand Out: The true value lies in its versatility. You get three specialized devices rather than a single compromised unit. The digital pH meter includes temperature detection, while the TDS meter measures water purity up to 9990ppm. The soil tester uniquely combines moisture, pH, and sunlight level readings without requiring batteries, making it perfect for outdoor garden use. The ±0.02 pH accuracy rivals more expensive lab equipment.

Value for Money: At $18.04 for three devices plus calibration supplies, this kit dramatically undercuts buying each tool separately. Individual pH meters often cost $15-20 alone. For home growers managing multiple variables—water chemistry, soil conditions, and nutrient levels—this represents exceptional value, essentially providing three tools for the price of one.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include comprehensive functionality, impressive accuracy for the price, battery-free soil meter operation, and included calibration powder. The kit covers drinking water, pools, aquariums, and gardens. Weaknesses involve separate devices requiring individual maintenance, the soil meter’s 5-10 minute wait time, and the TDS meter’s inability to test seawater. Build quality may not match professional-grade equipment.

Bottom Line: For budget-conscious growers needing multiple testing capabilities, this combo kit delivers outstanding functionality. While not pro-grade, it provides reliable data for successful home cultivation. Perfect for beginners setting up their first grow or gardeners wanting comprehensive monitoring without breaking the bank.


2. Yewhick Hydroponics pH Up & Down Control Kit (8.45oz/250ml) Accurate pH Adjustment for Hydroponics, Soil, and Aquaponics Systems

Yewhick Hydroponics pH Up & Down Control Kit (8.45oz/250ml) Accurate pH Adjustment for Hydroponics, Soil, and Aquaponics Systems

Overview: Yewhick offers a complete pH adjustment solution for hydroponic and soil growers in a compact, user-friendly package. This kit provides food-grade phosphoric acid (pH Down) and premium buffering agents (pH Up) alongside essential measuring tools, enabling precise nutrient solution management without requiring expensive digital meters.

What Makes It Stand Out: The kit’s completeness sets it apart—measuring cup, dropper, pH test strips, and color chart are all included. The concentrated formula delivers remarkable longevity, with just 1 tablespoon per gallon needed for corrections. Each 8.45oz bottle can last 6-12 months, making it highly economical. The food-grade quality ensures safety for edible crops.

Value for Money: At $16.88, this kit offers tremendous value. Comparable pH adjustment chemicals alone often cost $10-15 per bottle. Including measurement tools and test strips eliminates additional purchases. For growers preferring manual testing or needing backup to digital meters, this provides a complete solution that pays for itself within months through prevented nutrient lockout and healthier plants.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include comprehensive kit contents, concentrated long-lasting formula, versatility across all growing mediums, and beginner-friendly design. The manual test strips provide reliable backup readings. Weaknesses involve manual testing being less precise than digital meters, potential for user error in color matching, and the need to shake well before each use. Not ideal for large commercial operations requiring automated systems.

Bottom Line: An essential toolkit for any serious grower. Whether you’re a beginner learning pH management or an experienced cultivator needing reliable adjustment chemicals, this kit delivers professional-grade results affordably. The included testing supplies make it a perfect standalone solution or valuable backup to electronic meters.


3. Soil pH Meter for Food, Bluetooth Water pH Tester for Soil & Hydroponic, Digital pH Temp Meter for Blueberry Jam with ATC for Canning, Dough, Garden Lawn, Indoor Outdoor Plants, Raised Garden Beds

Soil pH Meter for Food, Bluetooth Water pH Tester for Soil & Hydroponic, Digital pH Temp Meter for Blueberry Jam with ATC for Canning, Dough, Garden Lawn, Indoor Outdoor Plants, Raised Garden Beds

Overview: The EZTOCH digital pH meter brings smart technology to soil and water testing with Bluetooth connectivity and app integration. This versatile device tests both soil and liquid samples, making it suitable for traditional gardens, hydroponic systems, and even food applications like canning. The backlit LCD and three-point calibration ensure accuracy in any conditions.

What Makes It Stand Out: Bluetooth connectivity enables 24-hour real-time monitoring through a mobile app, storing up to 1000 data points for trend analysis—a game-changer for serious gardeners. The ability to test both soil and liquids eliminates needing separate devices. Unlike traditional soil meters, it doesn’t require mixing soil into slurry, providing direct readings. The tapered plastic dibbers and clean brush show thoughtful design for practical use.

Value for Money: At $25.99, this meter sits in the mid-range but offers premium features. Comparable Bluetooth-enabled meters often exceed $40. The included calibration powder, accessories, and dual soil/liquid functionality provide excellent value. For tech-savvy gardeners wanting data tracking and convenience, the price is justified by time saved and insights gained.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include Bluetooth app integration, dual soil/liquid testing, backlit display, three-point calibration accuracy, and comprehensive accessory kit. The data storage feature helps optimize growing strategies. Weaknesses involve reliance on smartphone connectivity, potential app compatibility issues, and steeper learning curve for non-tech users. Battery life and Bluetooth range may limit outdoor use.

Bottom Line: A forward-thinking tool for modern gardeners who value data-driven cultivation. The EZTOCH meter bridges traditional testing with digital convenience. While tech requirements may deter some, its accuracy and tracking capabilities make it invaluable for optimizing plant health. Ideal for serious hobbyists and small-scale commercial growers.


4. UIUZMAR Soil pH Meter Soil Moisture Meter 8 in 1 Fertility Salt Moisture pH EC Light Humidity Temp Accurate Soil pH Test Kit for Garden and Hydroponics

UIUZMAR Soil pH Meter Soil Moisture Meter 8 in 1 Fertility Salt Moisture pH EC Light Humidity Temp Accurate Soil pH Test Kit for Garden and Hydroponics

Overview: The UIUZMAR 8-in-1 meter is a comprehensive soil analysis tool designed for serious gardeners and hydroponic growers. It measures moisture, pH, EC, light, fertility, salt, humidity, and temperature—consolidating multiple devices into one robust unit. The metal cone probe and automatic temperature compensation ensure professional-grade accuracy.

What Makes It Stand Out: Eight integrated functions eliminate the need for separate meters, saving space and money. The metal probe design penetrates soil easily while providing superior sensitivity compared to plastic probes. For hydroponics, it precisely measures the critical EC range of 0.8-2.4mS/cm. Instant light and humidity readings with ATC make it uniquely versatile for both soil and environmental monitoring.

Value for Money: At $29.99, this meter offers exceptional value compared to purchasing eight individual testing devices. Professional multi-parameter meters often cost $100+. While pricier than basic single-function meters, the consolidation and accuracy justify the cost for dedicated growers. The durable construction ensures long-term reliability, protecting your investment.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include eight integrated measurements, high-quality metal probe, ATC for accuracy, hydroponic-specific EC range, and durable build quality. It replaces multiple devices effectively. Weaknesses involve higher price point, potentially overwhelming beginners with data, and the need for careful probe cleaning between uses. The all-in-one design means if one function fails, the entire unit may need replacement.

Bottom Line: An excellent investment for committed gardeners and hydroponic enthusiasts. The UIUZMAR 8-in-1 delivers professional-level monitoring in a single device. While beginners may prefer simpler tools, serious growers will appreciate the comprehensive data and build quality. If you’re ready to elevate your cultivation precision, this meter is worth every penny.


The Critical Role of pH Monitoring in Modern Growing

pH isn’t just another metric—it’s the master variable that controls nutrient availability, microbial activity, and root health. In hydroponic systems, where plants depend entirely on nutrient solutions, even a 0.5 pH swing can lock out essential minerals like iron, manganese, or phosphorus. Soil growers face similar challenges, as pH influences the complex interactions between organic matter, beneficial bacteria, and fertilizer uptake. Modern rechargeable pens have transformed this once-laborious task into a quick, reliable process you can perform multiple times daily without breaking your workflow or budget.

Why Rechargeable Technology Dominates in 2026

The shift to rechargeable pH pens represents more than convenience—it’s a fundamental improvement in device architecture. Lithium-ion and emerging graphene-enhanced batteries now deliver weeks of field use from a single charge, while eliminating the voltage inconsistencies that plagued traditional battery systems. This stability translates directly to more consistent readings. Additionally, USB-C fast charging has become the universal standard, letting you power up from solar panels, portable battery banks, or your laptop between greenhouse rows. The environmental impact is substantial too; a single rechargeable pen can prevent hundreds of coin-cell batteries from entering landfills over its lifetime.

Core Accuracy Metrics That Separate Good from Great

When evaluating pH pens, accuracy specifications tell only part of the story. The true measure lies in the combination of resolution, repeatability, and temperature compensation speed.

Resolution and Precision Standards

Look for devices offering 0.01 pH resolution with ±0.05 accuracy—the current benchmark for professional-grade equipment in 2026. Higher resolution without improved accuracy is misleading; it’s like having a speedometer that shows tenths of a mile per hour but is actually off by 5 mph. The best pens achieve this precision through multi-point calibration algorithms and advanced signal filtering that reduces electrical noise from pumps, lights, and other grow room equipment.

Temperature Compensation Velocity

Modern units feature automatic temperature compensation (ATC) that adjusts readings in real-time, but the response rate varies significantly. Premium models now compensate within 3-5 seconds of probe immersion, crucial when moving between nutrient reservoirs at different temperatures or testing soil in varying weather conditions. Some advanced units even log temperature data alongside pH readings, helping you identify thermal drift patterns in your system.

Calibration Protocols for Professional Results

Calibration is where professional growers separate themselves from hobbyists, and 2026’s best pens have revolutionized this process. Three-point calibration using pH 4.0, 7.0, and 10.0 buffers remains the gold standard, but the methodology has evolved. Look for pens with intelligent buffer recognition that automatically detects which solution you’ve immersed the probe in, then guides you through the sequence with on-screen prompts. Some models now feature “calibration confidence” metrics that assess probe condition based on the slope and offset values during calibration, alerting you to potential contamination or aging before it compromises your data.

Stability Indicators and Calibration Timers

The most sophisticated devices include stability indicators that wait for the reading to settle before accepting a calibration point, removing human guesswork. Built-in calibration timers track days since last calibration and hours of use, sending proactive notifications when recalibration is due based on actual usage patterns rather than arbitrary calendar dates.

Battery Technology: What to Expect in 2026 Models

This year’s rechargeable pH pens leverage several battery innovations that directly benefit growers. Lithium polymer cells offer 30-40% more capacity than 2023 models in the same form factor, while new battery management systems prevent the slow discharge that could leave you stranded mid-grow cycle. Some premium units now feature “hot-swappable” backup power, where a small capacitor maintains settings and calibration data for up to two minutes while you change the main battery—though with month-long runtimes, this is rarely necessary.

Solar-Assisted Charging Options

For outdoor soil testing, several models now integrate small photovoltaic cells that trickle-charge the battery during daylight use. While not a primary charging method, this can extend field life by 15-20% and provides peace of mind during multi-day remote testing sessions.

Power Management Features That Extend Field Life

Advanced power management goes beyond battery capacity. The best pens of 2026 include motion-activated wake functions that power on when you pick them up and auto-shutoff that learns your usage patterns rather than using a fixed timer. Ambient light sensors dim the display in low-light conditions, saving power during early morning or evening greenhouse checks. Look for devices that maintain calibration data in non-volatile memory, ensuring you don’t lose precious calibration settings during deep sleep modes.

Build Quality & Durability Standards

A pH pen’s lifespan depends heavily on its construction. Professional-grade units now feature titanium-reinforced probe shafts that resist bending when pushed into dense soil or pressed against reservoir walls. The body should use IP67-rated polycarbonate or glass-filled nylon that withstands repeated drops onto concrete and exposure to concentrated nutrient salts. Buttons should be membrane-sealed with tactile feedback, allowing operation with wet gloves while preventing moisture ingress.

Impact Resistance and Warranty Correlation

Manufacturers confident in their build quality now offer 3-5 year warranties that cover probe replacement—historically the most common failure point. This shift reflects improved junction box sealing and reference electrode designs that resist contamination from fertilizers and soil compounds.

Hydroponic-Specific Design Requirements

Hydroponic environments demand features that soil testing doesn’t. The ability to test small solution volumes—as little as 0.5 mL—lets you check pH directly in net pots or small reservoirs without waste. The probe should have a narrow diameter to fit into standard 2-inch PVC plumbing tees, enabling inline monitoring without system disruption. For deep water culture (DWC) systems, weighted probe tips prevent floating and ensure consistent depth measurements.

Continuous Monitoring Capabilities

Some 2026 models offer a “sentry mode” where the pen can be left in a reservoir for hours, taking readings at programmable intervals and alerting you to pH drift via smartphone notifications. This transforms the pen from a spot-check tool into a continuous monitoring solution for critical systems.

Garden & Soil Testing Unique Considerations

Soil testing introduces abrasive particles, moisture gradients, and organic acids that challenge probe design. The best soil pH pens feature spear-tip probes with reinforced glass that penetrates compacted earth without cracking. The reference junction should be annular (ring-shaped) rather than ceramic, preventing clogging from clay particles and humic acids. For no-till gardens, look for units with rapid stabilization that provide accurate readings in just 30-45 seconds, minimizing the time the probe spends buried.

Depth Profiling and Multi-Layer Testing

Advanced models now include depth markers on the probe shaft and can log readings at different soil horizons. This lets you create pH profiles showing how acidity changes from the mulch layer down to the root zone and subsoil—critical information for diagnosing lime application needs or nutrient stratification.

Smart Connectivity & Data Ecosystems

Bluetooth 5.3 and Wi-Fi 6 integration have become standard on mid-to-high-end pens, enabling real-time data streaming to cloud platforms. The key differentiator isn’t just connectivity—it’s the software ecosystem. Look for devices that export data in open formats (CSV, JSON) rather than locking you into proprietary apps. The best platforms offer API access, letting you integrate pH data into your existing grow room automation systems or feed it into machine learning models that predict pH drift based on nutrient additions and water usage.

Cloud Synchronization and Team Collaboration

For commercial operations, multi-user accounts with role-based permissions allow head growers to monitor readings from apprentice staff, ensuring quality control across large facilities. Some systems now include geotagging for outdoor grows, automatically mapping pH variations across fields and correlating them with yield data from harvest logs.

Display Technology & Usability Factors

The display can make or break user experience, especially in challenging lighting conditions. OLED screens have largely replaced LCDs, offering perfect readability in direct sunlight and true blacks that don’t disturb dark-period greenhouse operations. The best implementations use transflective technology that actually gets brighter in sunlight while consuming less power. Font size matters too—look for displays showing at least 0.5-inch tall pH digits that you can read at arm’s length while reaching into deep reservoirs.

Backlighting and Night Mode

Red-shifted backlighting preserves night vision during dark-cycle checks, while motion-activated brightness prevents the display from blinding you when you first pick up the pen in dim conditions. Some models include a “glance mode” that shows the last reading for 3 seconds without fully waking the device, saving power during frequent spot checks.

Probe Construction & Maintenance Needs

The probe is the heart of your pH pen, and 2026’s technology offers significant improvements. Double-junction reference electrodes have become standard, protecting the internal fill solution from protein and sulfide contamination common in organic soils and compost teas. The glass membrane itself has evolved—some manufacturers now use “low-resistance” glass formulations that respond faster and resist etching from high-EC nutrient solutions.

Reference Electrolyte Innovations

Gel-filled references last longer in vertical positions and resist evaporation, while polymer-based references offer even better contamination resistance. The best pens feature user-replaceable reference cartridges, letting you refresh the probe’s internals for about 30% of the pen’s cost rather than buying a completely new unit.

Waterproofing & Environmental Protection

IP ratings tell only part of the story. While IP67 (30-minute submersion at 1 meter) is the baseline, look for pens tested to IP68 with specific depth ratings—some are certified to 5 meters, making them truly dive-proof for accidental drops into deep reservoirs. More importantly, check for chemical resistance ratings. The housing should withstand 24-hour exposure to pH 1-14 solutions, concentrated fertilizers, and common sanitizers like hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide used in sterile hydroponics.

Pressure Equalization Features

Advanced models include Gore-Tex vents that equalize pressure during altitude changes or temperature swings while blocking moisture and contaminants. This prevents internal condensation that could short electronics or contaminate the reference electrode.

Price Tiers & Value Proposition Analysis

The rechargeable pH pen market in 2026 falls into three distinct categories. Entry-level models ($80-150) offer 0.1 pH accuracy, basic ATC, and USB-C charging but lack smart features. Mid-range units ($150-300) provide 0.01 resolution, three-point calibration, Bluetooth connectivity, and replaceable probes—this is the sweet spot for serious hobbyists and small commercial operations. Premium instruments ($300-600) add laboratory-grade accuracy, multi-parameter capability (pH/EC/TDS/temperature), cloud integration, and advanced diagnostics.

Total Cost of Ownership Calculations

Factor in probe replacement costs ($40-80 annually with heavy use), calibration buffer expenses, and app subscription fees for cloud features. A $250 pen with a $50 replaceable probe often costs less over three years than a $100 disposable unit you replace entirely each season.

Essential Maintenance & Care Protocols

Proper maintenance extends probe life from months to years. Always rinse with distilled water between readings, never wipe the probe (this creates static charges), and store in proper storage solution—not distilled water, which leaches ions from the glass membrane. For soil testing, implement a weekly cleaning regimen using a soft toothbrush and mild acid solution to remove mineral buildup. After each deep clean, condition the probe in pH 4 buffer for 30 minutes before returning to storage solution.

Seasonal Deep Maintenance

Quarterly, perform a thorough reference junction cleaning using specialized cleaning solutions for organic or inorganic contamination depending on your growing medium. This 10-minute procedure can restore sluggish probes to like-new response times and is often documented with video tutorials by reputable manufacturers.

Common Buyer Mistakes & How to Avoid Them

The most frequent error is prioritizing price over probe replaceability—a $100 “bargain” becomes expensive when you must replace the entire unit after six months. Another mistake is ignoring the sample volume requirement; buying a pen needing 20 mL for hydroponic use wastes expensive nutrients. Don’t overlook software lock-in; pens requiring proprietary apps may become paperweights if the developer abandons the platform. Finally, many growers underestimate the importance of a good storage solution—using tap water or leaving probes dry are the top two causes of premature failure.

Frequently Asked Questions

How often should I calibrate my rechargeable pH pen in a hydroponic system?

Calibrate every 7 days during active growing phases or after 30 measurements, whichever comes first. In systems with heavy organic additives or large pH swings, increase frequency to every 3-4 days. Always calibrate if readings seem inconsistent or after cleaning the probe.

Can I use the same pH pen for both hydroponic nutrient solution and soil testing?

Yes, but you need separate probes or thorough cleaning between uses. Soil particles contaminate the reference junction, affecting nutrient solution readings. Use a dedicated soil probe if testing both daily, or clean extensively with distilled water and a soft brush, followed by proper storage solution conditioning.

What’s the typical battery life of a 2026 rechargeable pH pen?

Most models provide 80-120 hours of active use per charge, translating to 2-3 months for typical hobbyist use. Continuous monitoring modes reduce this to 40-60 hours. Standby time ranges from 6-12 months, though monthly top-ups are recommended to maintain battery health.

Are smartphone-connected pH pens worth the extra cost?

For operations with multiple reservoirs or team members, absolutely. The ability to log readings automatically, set drift alerts, and generate trend reports saves hours weekly and catches problems before they damage crops. For single-container hobbyists, manual logging may suffice.

How do I know when my probe needs replacement rather than just cleaning?

Replace the probe when response time exceeds 90 seconds in buffer solutions, calibration slope falls below 85% or above 105%, or readings drift more than 0.05 pH within minutes in a stable solution. Most pens with diagnostic modes will alert you to these conditions.

What’s the difference between single-junction and double-junction probes?

Single-junction probes have one reference electrolyte barrier, making them vulnerable to contamination from proteins, sulfides, and heavy metals common in organic growing. Double-junction designs add a second barrier, dramatically extending probe life in challenging media. For hydroponics with organic additives or soil testing, double-junction is essential.

Can I leave my pH pen in my reservoir for continuous monitoring?

Only if specifically designed for it. Standard pens will exhaust the reference electrode and may give false readings due to lack of fresh sample flow. Look for “sentry” or “continuous monitoring” models with flow-through designs and reinforced reference systems for this application.

What temperature range should my pH pen handle for greenhouse use?

Select a pen rated for at least 32-122°F (0-50°C) for typical greenhouse environments. For unheated winter greenhouses or desert setups, extend this to 23-140°F (-5-60°C). The ATC system must function across this entire range, not just display temperature.

How do I test pH in small hydroponic systems like Kratky jars or net cups?

Use a pen requiring minimal sample volume (0.5-1 mL) or a model with a flat-bottomed probe that can test in shallow reservoirs. Alternatively, extract a small sample with a syringe and test in a separate container. Never squeeze net cup media to extract solution, as this concentrates nutrients and skews pH.

Are there any growing situations where a rechargeable pH pen isn’t the best choice?

For remote field research without charging access, a high-quality non-rechargeable model with a 5-year battery life might be preferable. For educational settings where students might lose expensive equipment, simpler, less costly units make sense. However, for 95% of hydroponic and garden applications, rechargeable pens now offer superior value and performance.